Magneto electric machine



2 Sheets-Sheet 1.

J. J. WOOD.

MAGNET() ELECTRIC MAUEINE.

Patented July 5, 1881.

i. FIEE- mac N. Firms Phomrmhompy 2 Sheets-*Sheet 2.

J. J. WOOD.

i MAGNET@ BLEGTRIG MACHINE. No. 243,747. Patented July 5,1881.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JAMES J. WOOD, OF BROOKLYN, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO THE FULLER ELECTRICAL COMPANY, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINE.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 243,747, dated July 5, 1881.

Application tiled August 16, 1879.

To all whom t't may concern 'Be it known that I, JAMES J. WOOD, of Brooklyn, Kings county, New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Magneto-Electric Machines, ot' which the following is a specification.

The main improvement which my invention aims to effect in magneto-electric or dynamoelectric machines isto provide such a construc- Io tion and arrangement ofthe stationary or inducing magnets and of the armature-bohbins relatively to each other that the magnets shall not oppose but mutually complement and strengthen each other and present an intense or` concentrated magnetic iield for the armature to sweep through 5 such an arrangement, also, as will effect the rapid and certain magnetization and demagnetization of the armatnre-bobbins, concentratin g and confining this 2o magnetic action on the bobbins themselves, thus avoiding the useless magnetic excitation and consequent electrical and mechanical loss in those parts of the machine which give no return in the current, and hence enabling the objectionablc heating effect and wasted magnetism common to most existing machines to be obvia-ted and a greater current to be produced with less power.

In addition to the main improvement here 3o indicated, my invention also aims to improve the mechanical structure of the machine in its several details.

To these ends my invention embodies a number of novel features, all of which are hereinafter fully set forth, and each novel feature definitely expressed in the claims.

Figure I of the annexed drawings presents a side elevation ot' my improved machine, and Fig. 2 a plan view thereof, shown partly in sec- 4o tionatthecommutatorend. Fig.3isa sectional elevation on line a; a' of Fig. I, looking in the direction ot' the arrow, showing the arrangement of magnets on the end frame. Fig. 4E is an end elevation ot' the machine viewed from the commutator end. Fig. 5 is an end elevation of the armature removed and viewed from the same end. Figs. 6, 7, and Sshow, respectively, an end elevation, side elevation, and longitudinal section of `one ofthe armature-bobbin cores, and Fig. 9 shows most of the parts 5o ofthe commutator separated.

In general form the machine consists of a base, A, from either end of which end frames,

B B', rise, between which the revolving armature C g is mounted. The end frames or standards, B B, are formed with short feet or lugs a a', by which the frames arebolted to the base, and they are rigidly held at the proper distance apart by stay-rods b b arranged at suitable intervals, as shown. It will be observed 6o that the frames B B are of substantially ring shape, as seen best in Figs. 3 and 4, which prescnts practical advantages hereinafter eX- plained, and from the bottom of the central openin gs in the frames short arms rise and terminate in central hubs, c c, which form the bearings in which the ends of the armatureshaft D arejournaled, as seen in Figs. l, 2, 3, and et. On one end of the armature-shaft is xed the pulley d, by which power is applied 7o to rapidly rotate the armature as usual in machines of this class, while the opposite end of the shaft receives the commutator, as shown, the springs of which extend from parallel arms ff projecting from a plate, e, iixed on the neck 7 5 ofthe hub c, as seen in Figs. l and 2.

N S indicate the stationary or inducing magnets of the machine, which are mounted on the inner side of the frames B B on each side of the armature, as illustratedin Figs. l, 2, and 3. 8o These magnets, as will be readily understood, may be permanent magnets or electro-magnets, and, it' electro-magnets, may be magnetized by an electric current from a source independent of the machine, or may be magnetized by the 8 5 current from the machine itself, on the wellknown principle of mutual accumulative action or react-ion now generally adopted in machines of this class. As the latter plan is, of

course, what I prefer to adopt, as illustrated 9o in the drawings, I also prefer to form the cores of th ese magnets by casting them solidly on and continuous with the end frames, B B', as shown in section in Fig. 2.

It will also be now observed that the stationary magnets are arranged in a circle upon the rin g-shaped frames at equal intervals, and project therefrom parallel with each other and with the axis of the armature, and are so wound, as illustrated, that opposite poles succeed each other in each series, as seen best in Fig. 3, while opposite poles face each other in the opposite series on either side of the armature, as seen best in Figs. l and 2. Hence by this arrangement the inductive action of the several magnets on each other tends but to strengthen and mutually assist each other, thus avoiding all mutual counter-action such as largely exists where similar poles succeed or face each other, as in most existing machines, and at the same time producing by this arrangement an intense magnetic field in the narrow space between the opposite poles ofthe two series in which the armature revolves. Now, as the poles ofthe field-magnet are of even multiple number` and of alternate polarity and are all cast in one piece, springing without joint or division from a common base or neutral section which extends in direct succession from pole to pole, each pole is thus in actual molecular connection with its neutral section, each set of poles has a distinct neutral section, and each pole and set of poles directly complements and strengthens the others, thus forming what may be called an undivided multiple magnetin distinction from a common bipolar magnet or from a divided multipolar magnet, the peculiar advantage of which is that all the magnetism becomes concentrated at the very extremities of the poles, thus forming a most intense magnetic field, which becomes concentrated solely upon and utilized by the armature. Hence this construction provides a very effective field-magnet, as it possesses no magnetism except where it is of service, and thereitisintensified, whereas when a magnet is made in a number of pieces bolted to their central section magnetism exists at each joint, so as to causea diffusion or waste instead of a concentration and economy of magnetism. vIo produce the improved result above described itis, ofcourse, necessary that the fieldmagnets have an even multiple number of poles, that they be formed in one homogeneous piece, that the poles spring from a common neutral section extending in direct succession from pole to pole, or in a circular range, and that all the poles be magnetized simultaneously with alternate complementary polari ties. Hence a star-shaped frame with a north and south pole on each raydistinct from every other ray, or a cylinder cast with an odd number of poles projecting inward, a portion only of which aremagnetized simultaneously, as has been heretofore employed, although cast in one piece, does not satisfy the above conditions, has not the multiple complementary character of my freldmagnet, and cannot produce the result stated. Now, the armature consists of a disk or light wheel, C, fixed at its center to the rotary shaft D, and carrying near its periphery a series of induction coils or bobbins, g. These bobbins are each wound on an iron core, g', and are double, or have a north and south pole at opposite ends when magnetized, and it will be seen that these bobbins are arranged near the periphery of the armature-disk parallel with its axis and parallel with the stationary magnets, or in the same relative arrangement with said magnets, so that their two polar extremities are thus arranged to sweep closely past the extreme polar faces of the stationary magnets. Hence, when the armature revolves, the opposite and extreme ends of its doublepoled bobbins pass directly over the extreme polar ends of the two opposite magnet or mag netic poles, N S, thus bringing the strongest possible magnetic iniiuence on each bobbin, causing the cores to magnetize from each end simultaneously with complementary polarities, thus answering the rapid, complete, and harmonius magnetization of the cores and thedevelopment of a certain and energetic current in its coils. Hence, by this arrangement, a powerful electric current is produced, while little or no heating effectis noticeable on account, it is believed, that by this arrangement the magnetic action is concentrated in a harmonious manner upon the parts directly concerned in producing the current and discordant eii'ccts, and useless magnetic excitation thus entirely avoided.

In order to obtain a still better effect from the described relative arrangement of magnets and bobbins, I prefer to construct the armature-disk cv holding the bobbin of a non-magnetic material, preferablyof brass, so that the non-electrical part of the armature is thus rendered non-magnetic or entirely neutral to magnetic influence. Hence no useless magnetic excitation is produced in it, but all the magnetic action is concentrated on the magnets and bobbins which alone are concerned in producing the current, thus largely avoiding both the heating of the armature and loss of power.

To further render the magnetic construction of the machine more effective, another feature of my invention consists in constructing both the stationary magnets and their cores and the armature bobbins and cores in the form oftruncated sectors of a circle, as shown fully in Fig. 3, their side lilies or boundaries being radial to the center of the armature, by which it will be seen that the armature-bobbins enter and leave the magnetic field full-sided and abrupt, insuring a rapid and complete magnetization and demagnetization ofthe cores. lo further contribute to this effect, I prefer to adopt the approved plan of forming the cores ofthe bobbins hollow and slitting them lengthwise, as shown fully in Figs. 5, 6, and 7; and I also prefer to form the polar faces of the stationary magnets sufficiently broad to cover two bobbins at a time, but they may be broader or narrower than this.

I prefer to arran gc a series of bridges or bars of brass, a, between the poles of the several magnets, as shown in Fig. 5, which thus serve to brace the magnets together and prevent the vibration of their polar ends, and consequently the noisy hum produced thereby, thus causing IOO IIO

the machine to run practically silent. These bridges, as shown, are ot wedging form, and are driven in with awed gingaction in the tapering spaccbetween the segmental magnet-poles, thus enabling the polesto be tightly braced together, while the bars are securely retained in position between them, but may, if required, be permanently fastened to the poles by small screws. as illustrated.

It will be observed that thc group of stationary magnets on the end frames on each side ot' the armature are preferably six in number, arranged equally distant around the rin gshaped frame, as seen best in Fig. 3, but their number may be more or less. 1t will now be readily understood that this ring form of frame has the advantage ot' disposing the metal of the frame uniformly in relation to the circular group of magnets, thus obtaining a much more harmonious magnetic arrangement and ei'ect than where the forni of the frame is irregular and the metal disposed irregularly around the several magnets. Furthermore, it will be seen that while the rotary armature acts as a fan to discharge the air from its periphery by centrifugal force, the outer or ring portion of the frame is iinpert'orate and of a width to cover the groups ot' magnets and also the outer portion of' the armature with its groups of bobbins, so as to prevent 'the discharge of this air laterally and compel it to always discharge centrifugally through and from the radial spaces between the magnets of the frame and the bobbins ot' the armature, while the central opening in the frame which comes within the circle ot' magnets and bobbins admits a central inow of air to the armature to keep up the centrifugal discharge ot' the same from the armature, thereby insuring a constant radial circulation of air through the machine, which cools down any parts that may by any chance tend to become heated, thus presenting a material advantage over a centrally-closed end frame or a frame perforated at its periphery, as commonly employed.

The bobbins in the armature are preferably of much greater number than thc magnets or in a multiple series relatively to the. number of the stationary magnets and arranged in distinct groups, each group having the same number ot bobbins as there are stationary magnets. Thus, as shown in Fig. 5, I prefer to construct the armature for three groups of six bobbins each, only one ot' which is shown in position for sake of clearness. Each bobbiu g ot' the group is wound, as shown in Fie'. 5, and all arejoined together in connected series, the terminal wires only ot' the group being brought to the commutator, illustrated in Figs. 2 and 5, which is both a simple and advantageous arrangement. Each of the three groups is wound in the same way as the one group illustrated, and its terminal wires brought to a distinct section in the com mutator. Hence,as themachiueis adapted for three groups of bobbins, there are accordingly three vsections in the commutator Acorresponding thereto, as illustrated, and as the bobbins of each group are connected together for intensity, the currents from the three groups combine simultaneously through the commutatorsprings h' h2 h3 for quantity, thus providing both an intense and strong current, well adapted for producing electric light, for plating, or other uses.

It will now be readily understood that as the group of bobbins is revolved past the magnets an alternating current will he produced through the whole group as the bobbins successively pass each magnet, thus producing six alternately positive and negative impulses during one revolution. The section ofthe commutator to which this group connects is therefore formed with six segments, on which the commutator-springs h h2 h3 successively bear at diametrically-opposite sides, as shown best in Figs. 2 and 5, and which thus serve simply as pole-changes to turn these impulses into one current of uniform direction.

It will be seen that the commutator which I prefer to employ is ot that kind which is composed of laterallysegmented intermeshing disks, as shown in Figs. 2, 5, and 9. Each section ot' the commutator consists of two ot' these disks, It" k, insulated from each other by the inner washer, i', and insulated from the armature-shaft by the rubber sleeve Z, aud separated from the other sections by the outer insulating-washers, Z Z2, &c. The two disks k k2 of one section have each three cquidistant lateral segments, which intermesh alternatingly with those ot' the other disk, as will be l'ully understood from Figs. 2, 5, and 9, and are slightly separated from each other at their radial edges corresponding to the neutral points in the rotation of the armature, while one ot' the terminal wires of the armature is connected to one of the disks and thc other terminal wire to the other disk, as shown in Figs. 2 and 5. lt-will now be readily understood, on reference to Fig. 5, that as each sixth ot'a revolution reverses the segments ofthe commutator with rela tion to the springs It h2 h3, and as the current produced in the armature-bobbin is also simultaneously reversed during this movement relatively to what it was at the previous sixth, hencethe alternating currents are always made to ow in the same direction from the sprin gs /L h2 h3,the negative currents always going to one spring andthe positive to the other, thus producing a continuous current. rlhe circuit-wires ot' the machine therefore extend from the spring-rods fj" ot' the armature, which are, ot' course, insulated from each other on the plate e, and descend therefrom through the base ot' the machine, where the wire u connects beneath the base directly with the binding-screw l, while the other wire connects to one end ofthe coils of one group of stationary magnets, while the other end ot' the coils connects beneath the base with the other biiuling-screw,t, as shown by dotted lines in Fig. 2; hence a conductor joining the binding-screws closes the circuit ot' the machine.

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It will new be observed that the arrangement of connections between the groups of bobbins and the magnet-coils is such that the currents from the several distinct groups of bobbins are confined into one common current, and this combined current sent in its entirety through the coils of the inducing-magnet before being delivered from the terminals of the machine, which arrangement is found to produce a greatly improved result. It has, of course, been common in machines where all the bobbins are coupled in a continuous connected series to send the entire current `through the magnet-coils, as the current could, of course, not be divided under this arrangement of the bobbins; but in machines where the bobbins are arranged in distinct multiple groups they have been thus divided into groups for the eX- press object ot' connecting one group with the magnet-coils and delivering the current of the other group or groups from the terminals of the machine for the uses to which the machine may be applied. I have found, however, that when the currents of the different groups are combined andthe whole of this united current circulated through the magnet-coils in its passage from the machine, instead of a loss occurringa machine of greatly improved character is produced, so that, for instance, the light obtainable from the machine with the same horse-power is of about twice the candlepower that would be obtained were the connections made in the usual manner, and which have heretofore been thought essential for the best eli'eet.

The wires from the armature pass t0 the commutator through grooves in the shaft D, as usual, which grooves are covered by the sleeve m, fixed permanently over the same and serving as the journal for that end of the shaft in the bearing c. A minor feature ot' my invention consists in forming a raised bead or ring, a, on the inner end of the bearing, as shown in Fig. 2, thus forming a guard which prevents the oil-drip from the bearing entering the wire grooves, and thus tending to rot the insulating covering thereon.

The mode of fastening the wires in the comm utator sections and insulatin gthcirends from the succeedingsections will be understood from Figs. 2 and 9. In Fig. 2 the first section of the commutator corresponding to the one group of bobbins in the armature is shown in section, the other two divisions of the commutator being removed as unnecessary for illustration. In Fig. 9 all the parts of two sections of the commutator are shown separated and spread apart in true relative position on the same horizontal line joining their center. New, if there be three groups of bobbins in the armature, there will hence be six terminal wires. Three wires pass, as seen in Fig. 2, from the ends of the grooves in the shaft over the Vrubber sleeve l (which passes through all the commutators) into and through the several pieces of the commutator, the several wires termi-I nating successively in the disks of the commutator in the order of their outer extension therein, as will be readily understood from Figs. 2, 5, and 9. rlhus the iirst outer insulating-washer, l', Fig. 9, has six free holes to admit all the wires. One of the wires, however, terminates and is fastened in a tight hole in the first disk, 7a', and the other live pass through the five free holes therein. The other terminal wire from the same group as the first wire is next fastened in a tight hole in the second disk, k2, andthe remaining four wires from the other two groups pass through the four free holes therein, and terminate in the same manner and same successive order in the other successive disks of the eommutator, as will be readily understood. Now, the internal insulating-washers t" i2, &c., between the disks k k2, the., are also formed with free holes to ad mit the passage of all the wires terminating in advance of that washer, but are imperfe- -rate at the point corresponding to the wire terminating in the preceding disk, as shown in Fig. 0, and hence effectively prevent the ends of the preceding wires extending through and making contact with the succeeding disks, thus obviating the possibility of the machine becoming short-circuited within itself. rlhe terminal wires are each fastened in their ap propriate disks by the small studs or screws 0 o, (shown in Fig. 9,) which have heads slightly eccentric or reduced on one side, and are arranged close to and slightly intersecting the periphery of the tight holes in which the ends of the wires are inserted, as illustrated. lt will hence be seen that when the screw is turned slightly out, so that the enlarged part of the head recedes from the hole, the end ofthe wire may be readily inserted therein, when, by tigh t- 4ening up the screw, the enlarged part of the head approaches the hole and thus lirmly clamps the wire therein. This device, as will be seen, forms a neat, simple, and effective fastening, and has the advantages that it is small and yet secure, and lies ilush with the. inner face of the disk.

llhe special construction of the armaturebobbin cores and the manner of mounting and securing them in the armature-disk areillustrated in detail in Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8. The cores g', as shown, whilev being of segmental shape, hollow, and slit lengthwise, are also formed with a transverse hole, r, extending obliquely through the middle ofthe same from one side to the other, as seen in section in Fig. 8 and in dotted lines in Figs. Gand 7. The wire to form the coils ofthe bobbins is passed through this hole till the middle of the necessary length of wire is reached, when its opposite ends are coiled around either end of the core, as will readily be understood. It will thus be seen that by this device the two end coils or bobbins of the core are connected directly through the center of the core, thus avoiding a splice or coupling in the middle of the bobbin or core, and hence securing the advantages of neatness, compaetness, and certainty of connection, as well as simplicity and IIO cheapness of construction. The core is also formed with two danges on either end,between which the coil-wire is wound, while the middle of the core between the two central flanges, is formed to serve as a tenon, q, andthe core thus shaped is formed of ne cast-iron in one continuous casting,which is subsequently annealed to great softness. Now, the armature-disk is formed with a series of corresponding periphera-l sockets or mortises, p p, in which the middle portion or tenon of the cores is tightly socketed, with the flanges thereof embracing the sides of the disks, as shown in Figs. l, 2, and 5, while the cores are held securely therein by three curved sections, s, preferably made of non-magnetic metal, screwed to the periphery of the disk, one of which is represented as loosened in Fig. 5. This construction of the armature is both simple and secure, and admits ofthe cores or bobbins being readily put in place or removed when required, and enables them to be held with firmness and exactitude. It has also the further advantage that the neutral middle or tenon portion only of the cores is inclosed in the armature-disk, while the bobbins or main portions project free and exposed to the air on either side thereof, thus allowing any heat that may develop in these parts to quickly radiate, which is not the case where the bobbins are socketed and inclosed bodily in the disk.

It will be observed from Figs. 5 and 7 that the sides of the mortises in the armature-disk as well as of the tenons in the arniature-cores are recessed, which, as will be understood, reduces the surface necessary to be finished in order to properly fit the parts together, and

hence requires less work thereon.

It will now be observed that in all the mechanical features of the machine I aim to secure compactness and simplicity as well as ediciency and cheapness of construction,while in the electric and magnetic features of the machine I aim to secure concentrated action, together with quickness and certainty, and to harmonize all parts into mutual assistance, thus providing a machine which does not heat appreciably, and furnishes a greater current for the same amount of power.

rIhe main features of my invention are, of course, specially designed and adapted for magneto-electric machines or those which generate an electric current; but it will be obvious that some of these features may also be applicable to electromagnetic machines or those which utilize an electric current.

I am aware that it is not new to cast the cores of magnets in one piece with a sustain ing-ring; that armature-bobbins of a magneton electric machine have been made in the form of truncated sectors of a circle in cross-section with the field-magnets of other shape 5 that the ends of cores of a magnetoelectro machine have been made in the form of truncated sectors, and th at single electro-magnet cores have been made solid with the end flanges, and I therefore lay no claim to either of these constructions.

The features which I claim as my invention are as follows:

1. The combination, with the rotary armature C g, of the shaft D, having itsjournal, and through which the wires pass, provided with a sleeve, m, having a raised encircling-bead, n, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

2. A commutator disk or section constructed with a perforation to receive the armature terminal wire, in combination with the eccentric stud o, sunk in the said disk, with its periphery arranged close to and slightly intersectin g the periphery of the said perforation, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

3. The combination, with a commutator, substantially such as described, of the internallyseparating and insulating washers i', l', the., arranged between the several sections and perforated to admit the passage of wires terminating in succeeding sections, but imperforate at the wire terminating in the preceding section, substantially'r as and for the purpose set forth.

4t. The double bobbin core or cores g', formed with a central communicating-hole, r, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

5. The combination, in'a magneto-electric or equivalent machine, of a rotating armaturedisk provided with a series of peripheral mortises or sockets, in combination with a corresponding series of bobbins, each having a portion formed as a tenon to lit in the said sockets, leaving coiled portions free, substantially as shown and described.

6. The combination of a rotary armaturedisk formed with a series of peripheral mortises or sockets, with a corresponding series of bobbins each having a portion formed as a tenon to fit in said sockets and coiled portions projecting free from the armature-disk, together with a rigid sectional ring, s s, arranged to fix the tenoned portions of the said bobbins in the said sockets, substantially as herein shown and described.

7. The combination, with the segmental magnets N S, of the non-magneto wedging bracebars u, driven in between the converging polar edges thereof, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

S. The bobbin-cores g', constructed with a tenon, q, on a portion of their length, with projectin g flanges on either side thereof adapted to socket in a mortised armature plate or disk, with the iianges embracing the sides thereof, substantially as herein shown and described.

9. A double magneto-electric bobbin-core, q', formed with projecting dan ges in one continuous casting, and provided with a central shank between the cores, substantially as shown and described.

JAMES J. VOOD.

Titnesses Guns. M. Hieeins, EDWARD H. WALES.

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